中國應對氣候變化的政策與行動 2012年度報告
China's Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2012)
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調整字號大小: 
| 二、適應氣候變化 | II. Adapting to Climate Change |
| 2011年以來，中國政府積極采取措施，提高了重點領域適應氣候變化的能力，減輕了氣候變化對經濟社會發展和人民生產生活的不利影響。 | In 2011 and 2012, the Chinese government took effective measures to enhance the capability of key sectors to adapt to climate change and reduced the negative impact of climate change on economic and social development, production and the people's welfare. |
| （一）農業領域 | (I) Agriculture |
| 農業部大力推動農田水利基本建設，提升農業綜合生產能力。推動大規模旱澇保收標準農田建設。開展了大型灌區續建配套與大型灌溉排水泵站更新改造，擴大農業灌溉面積、提高灌溉效率。培育并推廣產量高、品質優良的抗旱、抗澇、抗高溫、抗病蟲害等抗逆品種，進一步加大農作物良種補貼力度，加快推進良種培育、繁殖、推廣一體化進程，目前全國主要農作物良種覆蓋率達到95%以上，良種對糧食增產貢獻率達到40%左右。 | The Ministry of Agriculture has energetically pursued the consolidation of farmland and water conservation infrastructure and the overall improvement of agricultural productivity. It encouraged the large-scale construction of farmland capable of producing stable yields despite drought or flood conditions. It developed new large-scale irrigation areas and renovated existing facilities, including irrigation and drainage pump stations, to expand the area under irrigation and improve irrigation efficiency. It continued to promote the cultivation of high quality seed varieties with high yield potential and resistance to drought, flooding, high temperature, diseases and pests. It increased subsidies to accelerate the cultivation, reproduction and dissemination of superior crop strains. Currently, more than 95 percent of the farmland used for planting major crops nationwide is sown with superior strains, contributing about 40 percent of the increase in grain output. |
| 積極組織節水農業技術模式創新，突出工程、設備、生物、農藝和管理等措施在田間的組裝集成，總結提出了區域性骨干技術模式。示范推廣了全膜雙壟集雨溝播、膜下滴灌、測墑節灌等九大節水技術模式，建設節水農業示范基地，水分生產力比“十一五”之前提高10％-30％，促進了旱區糧食穩定增產、農民持續增收。 | The ministry has proactively advanced innovation in water-saving agricultural technology, focusing on the integration of engineering, infrastructure, biology, agronomy and management techniques, and the promotion of regionally-applicable core technology. Nine water-saving technologies were demonstrated and promoted, including full plastic film mulching on double ridges and planting in catchment furrows, under-mulch drip irrigation and soil moisture-based on-demand irrigation. Water-saving agricultural demonstration bases were constructed around the country, and water productivity increased by 10-30 percent over the period prior to the implementation of the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). These efforts have helped ensure a steady increase of grain output in drought-stricken areas and continuous income growth for farmers. |
| （二）林業及生態系統 | (II) Forestry and the Ecosystem |
| 林業局發布了《林業應對氣候變化“十二五”行動要點》，提出了4項林業適應氣候變化主要行動，著力加強森林撫育經營和森林火災、林業微生物防控，優化森林結構，改善森林健康狀況。貫徹落實《國務院辦公廳關于做好自然保護區管理有關工作的通知》，嚴格限制自然保護區內的開發建設活動，強化監督管理，進一步加強國家重要生態區域和生物多樣性關鍵地區保護。加強野生動植物保護和自然保護區建設，截至2011年底，新增國家級自然保護區23處，林業系統自然保護區已達2126處，總面積達1.23億公頃，占全國國土面積的12.78%。完成了80%以上國土面積的濕地資源調查任務，實施全國濕地保護工程項目39個，建設濕地保護管理站點100多處，新增濕地保護面積33萬公頃，恢復濕地2.3萬公頃，新增4處國際重要濕地和68處國家濕地公園試點。發布了《中國國際重要濕地生態狀況公報》，初步構建了濕地生態系統健康價值功能評價指標體系，進一步加強了濕地恢復與保護。 | The State Forestry Administration published the Action Points for China's Forestry Departments in Response to Climate Change During the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015) Period, in which it sets out four major actions to be taken by forestry supervision authorities nationwide to adapt to climate change, inclduing intensified efforts in forest management, prevention of forest fires and control of harmful pests, forest structure optimization, and improvement of forest health. Governments at all levels have fully implemented the Circular of the General Office of the State Council on Strengthening Management of Nature Reserves. Stringent measures have been taken to control development of nature reserves across the country. Supervision and management have been strengthened to better protect major ecological zones and key areas of biological diversity around the country. The government has improved its efforts to protect wild life and ensure the sound construction of nature reserves. By the end of 2011, the country had had 23 new state-level nature reserves. Forestry authorities nationwide had a total of 2,126 nature reserves under management, covering an area of 123 million hectares and accounting for 12.78 percent of the nation's total land area. The government completed a survey of wetland resources in different provincial-level regions accounting for more than 80 percent of the country’s land area, implemented 39 wetland protection programs nationwide, constructed more than 100 stations for wetland protection and management, brought 330,000 hectares of new wetland under protection, restored 23,000 hectares of existing wetland, established four new wetlands of international importance and developed 68 pilot national wetland parks. The government published the Communiqué on the Biological Status of Chinese Wetlands of International Importance, which includes an index for evaluating the biological health of China's wetlands that is of great help in strengthening the restoration and protection of the country's wetlands. |
| （三）水資源領域 | (III) Water Resources |
| 國務院發布了《關于實行最嚴格水資源管理制度的意見》，提出實行最嚴格的水資源管理制度要求，確立水資源開發利用、用水效率控制、水功能區限制納污控制的“紅線”，嚴格執行取水許可、水資源有償使用、水自愿論證制度，全面推行節水型社會建設，成為指導我國今后一個時期水資源管理工作的綱領性文件。國務院批復了《全國江河湖泊水功能區劃》、《全國農村飲水安全工程“十二五”規劃》和《水利發展規劃（2011-2015年）》。水利部完成了《全國地下水利用與保護》等多項水利規劃。工業和信息化部大力推進節水型工業體系建設，會同水利部、全國節約用水辦公室印發了《關于深入推進節水型企業建設工作的通知》。 | The State Council released the Opinions on Implementing the Strictest Water Resources Management System, which has become a major document guiding the country's water resource management. The document states the necessity of implementing a strict water resources control system, and explicitly specifies the main measures to be taken in three Red Lines – control of the development and use of water resources, control of water use efficiency, and restriction of pollutants in water functional areas. Measures to be taken to boost the construction of a water-saving society in an all-round way include: strictly implementing the permit system for water withdrawal; strictly practicing reimbursable usage system on water resources; strictly implementing planning and enhancement of water resource assessments. The State Council has officially approved the National Water Function Zoning in Major Rivers and Lakes, the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project for the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2011-2015) and the National Water Resources Development Plan (2011-2015). The Ministry of Water Resources has formulated a number of water resource development plans, including the National Utilization and Protection of Underground Water. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has promoted the development of water-saving industrial systems and worked together with the Ministry of Water Resources and the National Water Conservation Office to issue the Notice on Further Promoting the Construction of Water-saving Enterprises. |
| 加快推進樞紐水源和大江大河治理等一批骨干工程建設，繼續推進大中型病險水庫和大中型病險水閘的除險加固，繼續對重點中小河流重要河段進行治理，繼續進行大型灌區續建配套與節水改造和排水泵站更新改造，啟動小型農田水利重點縣建設，實施水土流失綜合治理以及坡改梯工程，加快生態脆弱河流綜合治理，啟動實施水資源合理利用與生態保護工程；開展了水電新農村電氣化項目和小水電代燃料項目建設。 | A number of key engineering projects have been accelerated, including key water conservancy projects, major water resource projects, and the harnessing of large rivers. Urgent measure have been taken to reinforce dangerously defective large and medium-sized reservoirs and sluices, harness the main sections of key small and medium-sized rivers, support major irrigation areas, build supporting facilities, make water-saving renovations and upgrade drainage pump stations. The government has also begun construction of small-scale irrigation and water conservancy facilities in key counties, pushed forward comprehensive control of soil erosion and conversion of farmland slopes into terraces, accelerated the harnessing of ecologically vulnerable rivers, implemented programs to promote conservation and rational use of water resources, and carried out rural electrification projects and the small hydropower station for fuel project. |
| 通過上述政策與行動的實施，中國有效地應對了北方冬麥區、長江中下游和西南地區接連發生的大范圍嚴重干旱；通過農村飲水安全工程建設解決了7000萬農村人口的飲水安全問題；戰勝了“兩江一河”嚴重秋汛，成功防范了7個登陸臺風和熱帶風暴，主要災害損失指標比多年均值明顯降低，其中洪澇災害死亡人數為新中國成立以來最低。 | By carrying out the above policies and actions, China effectively addressed a number of large-scale severe droughts that continued to hit the winter wheat producing areas in north China, as well as areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southwestern China. The country also guaranteed safe supplies of drinking water to 70 million rural residents through the rural drinking water safety project. In addition, it overcame the severe autumn floods on the Yangtze River, Lancang River and the Yellow River, and successfully dealt with the impact of seven typhoons and tropical storms in 2011. The major disaster loss index was far lower than the average level of past years, and the death toll from flooding was the lowest since the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. |
| （四）海洋領域 | (IV) Marine Resources |
| 國家海洋局組織開展了《海洋領域應對氣候變化中長期發展規劃（2011-2020年）》、《“十二五”國家應對氣候變化科技發展專項規劃(海洋領域)》、《國家“十二五”海洋科學和技術發展規劃綱要》、《全國海洋觀測網總體規劃（2011-2020）》等專題規劃的編制工作，定期開展厄爾尼諾/拉尼娜等海洋與氣候變化研究與形勢預測工作，編發《海洋與重大氣候事件快報》和《海洋領域應對氣候變化工作通訊》,編制了《氣候變化對海洋生物的影響監測與評價研究報告》和《海平面上升影響評估專題報告》。加強典型海洋生態系統與氣候變化響應監測的保護性修復工作，構建中國管轄海域海－氣二氧化碳交換通量監測網絡，開展海洋碳循環監測與評估。進一步完善沿海海洋氣候觀測網立體布局，加強海島、海岸帶地區防災減災應急救助體系建設，初步開展了海洋災害風險評估與區劃工作，大力支持沿海地方開展重點海島整治修復項目，全面完成海洋功能區劃修編工作。2012年設立海島保護專項資金，中央財政投入2億元，支持地方開展海島保護項目15個。 | The State Oceanic Administration has begun compiling several plans, including China's Marine Medium and Long-term Plan in Response to Climate Change (2011-2020), the National Scientific and Technological Actions on Climate Change During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period (Marine Area), the Outline of China's Marine Science and Technology Development During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period and the Overall Plan for National Ocean Observing Network (2011-2020). It has carried out research, evaluation and predictions of the effects of weather events like El Ni?o and La Ni?a on the oceans and climate change, and has compiled and released the Marine and Major Weather Events Bulletin and the Newsletter on Adaptation to Climate Change in Marine Area. It has also compiled the Research Report on Monitoring and Evaluation of the Effect of Climate Change on the Marine Life and the Special Report on Sea Level Rise Impact Assessments. The State Oceanic Administration has strengthened conservation in key marine ecosystems and improved climate change response monitoring. It has built a network to monitor air-sea CO2 exchange in waters under Chinese jurisdiction, and has carried out monitoring and evaluation of the marine carbon cycle. It has upgraded the coastal marine climate observation network and strengthened disaster prevention and emergency rescue system in the islands and coastal regions. It has also initiated marine disaster risk assessment and zoning work, vigorously supported local costal governments in carrying out island engineering and restoration projects and completed the revision of marine functional zoning. Since a special fund for island protection was established in 2012, the central government has invested a total of 200 million yuan to support 15 local island protection projects. |
| （五）衛生健康領域 | (V) Public Health |
| 衛生部印發了《關于加強飲用水衛生監督監測工作的指導意見》、《全國城市飲用水衛生安全保障規劃（2011-2020年）》、《關于進一步加強飲用水衛生監測工作的通知》和《2012年國家飲用水衛生監督監測工作方案》，全面加強飲用水衛生監督監測工作，推進飲用水衛生監督監測能力建設，保障城鄉飲用水衛生安全。 | In order to comprehensively strengthen and improve the supervision and monitoring of drinking water quality, and to ensure the supply of safe drinking water to urban and rural areas, the Ministry of Health issued Guidance on Strengthening the Supervision and Monitoring on Drinking Water Quality, the National Urban Drinking Water Safety Protection Plan (2011-2020), the Notice on Further Strengthening the Supervision and Monitoring of Drinking Water Quality and the 2012 National Drinking Water Supervision and Monitoring Work Plan. |
| 加大飲用水衛生監督監測工作力度，自2012年7月1日起全面實施新的國家飲用水衛生標準，規范供水單位衛生許可工作。目前，國家飲用水衛生監測網已在省級轄區實現全覆蓋，2012年國家財政投入2.2億元支持地方開展飲用水衛生監測工作。不斷完善傳染病網絡直報系統，加強傳染病監測、報告與防控工作，重點加強與氣候變化密切相關的登革熱、發熱伴血小板減少綜合征等蟲媒傳染病和手足口病等腸道傳染病防控工作。截至2011年底，全國100%的疾病預防控制機構、98%的縣級及以上醫療機構和94%的鄉鎮衛生院實現了網絡直報，直報單位總數達6.8萬余家。 | Supervision and monitoring of drinking water quality have been stepped up. In order to regulate the procedure for licensing water supply units, a new national health standard for drinking water was implemented on July 1, 2012. A nationwide drinking water quality monitoring system has been established in all provincial jurisdictions. In 2012, a total of 220 million yuan was invested to support local government monitoring of drinking water quality. The reporting system for infectious diseases has been improved. The system for surveillance, reporting, prevention and control of communicable diseases has been strengthened. Particular attention has been paid to the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases like dengue fever and fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome that are closely related to climate change, as well as hand, foot and mouth disease and other intestinal infectious diseases. By the end of 2011, all state-level disease prevention and control institutions, over 98 percent of county level medical institutions, and 94 percent of township hospitals had joined the direct network reporting system. The number of reporting units reached 68,000. |
| （六）氣象領域 | (VI) Meteorology |
| 中國氣象局啟動了《“十二五”應對氣候變化專項規劃》編制工作，提出了“十二五”期間氣象部門氣候變化工作重點領域和任務。發布了《氣候變化綠皮書：應對氣候變化報告（2011）》、《中國氣候變化監測公報2010》、《氣象部門應對氣候變化技術指導手冊3.0版》，并啟動了氣象災害風險評估技術指南的編制工作。聯合科技部、中科院共同發布了《第二次氣候變化國家評估報告》。完成對長江三峽、鄱陽湖等8個流域的氣候變化綜合評估報告，以及對東北、華中糧食生產和新疆、陜西特色產業影響的專項評估。 | The China Meteorological Administration has begun drafting the National Actions on Climate Change During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period and has clarified the priorities and tasks of the meteorological department in addressing climate change during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. It has released the Climate Change Green Paper: Tackling Climate Change Report (2011), China's Climate Change Monitoring Bulletin 2010 and the Technical Guidance Manual for Meteorological Department to Address Climate Change: version 3.0. It has also begun drafting technical guidelines for meteorological disaster risk assessment. It has published the Second Assessment Report on China's Climate Change jointly with the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and has completed climate change assessment reports for eight river basins including the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake Basin. It has also completed assessments of food production in northeast and central China, and on industries with local advantages in Xinjiang and Shaanxi. |
| 穩步開展觀測系統現代化建設，氣候系統觀測能力得到不斷提升；加強氣候資源的開發利用，初步建立了風能、太陽能預報服務平臺；精細化農業氣候資源區劃工作不斷深入，省級應對氣候變化工作全面鋪開。 | The steady development of the modernization of observation systems means China's climate monitoring capability is constantly improving. One result is that climate resources can be used more efficiently aided by facilities such as a recently established wind and solar power forecasting platform. Efforts to adapt to climate change at the provincial level are aided by a careful analysis of the geographical distribution of agricultural and climate resources. |
| （七）防災減災體系建設 | (VII) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Systems |
| 民政部牽頭修訂并報請國務院出臺了《國家自然災害救助應急預案》，完善了預警響應、旱災救助、過渡性救助、部門應急聯動等內容。組織開展國家綜合防災減災戰略研究，頒布實施了《國家綜合防災減災規劃（2011－2015年）》。出臺或修訂了《自然災害生活救助資金管理暫行辦法》、《中央救災物資儲備管理辦法》、《關于加強自然災害救助評估功工作的指導意見》和《全國綜合減災示范社區創建管理暫行辦法》，聯合財政部出臺了《自然災害生活救助資金管理暫行辦法》，以國家減災委員會名義下發了《關于加強自然災害社會心理援助工作的指導意見》等文件。水利部印發了《關于進一步加強臺風災害防御工作的意見》、《巡堤查險工作規定》等規章制度。國土資源部組織起草了《國務院關于加強地質災害防治工作的決定》，推進各地加強今后一個時期地質災害防治體系建設；啟動了《全國地質災害防治“十二五”規劃》編制工作，明確了“十二五”期間地質災害防治的總體目標和重點任務。住房城鄉建設部印發了《關于加強城市內澇防治及開展2012年城市防汛工作的通知》，做好城市內澇防治工作。 | The Ministry of Civil Affairs has revised the National Emergency Plan on Natural Disaster Relief and submitted it to the State Council for approval. The revised version contains notable improvements regarding early warning and response systems, drought relief, transitional relief and the departments emergency response system. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has organized research into national disaster prevention and mitigation strategies, promulgated and implemented the National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan (2011-2015), issued Interim Regulations on the Management of the Natural Disaster Relief Funds, Regulations on Storage and Management of Government Relief Goods, Guidelines on Strengthening Natural Disaster Relief Assessment and Interim Regulations on Formation and Management of the Disaster Reduction Model Communities. The Ministry of Civil Affairs also issued the Interim Regulations on the Management of the Natural Disaster Relief Funds jointly with the Ministry of Finance, and issued Guidelines on Strengthening Natural Disaster Social-psycho Assistance on behalf of the National Disaster Reduction Committee. The Ministry of Water Resources has issued regulations including Opinions on Further Strengthening the Typhoon Disaster Prevention Work and Inspection Procedures for Hidden Dykes Danger. In order to accelerate the creation of a geological disaster prevention system throughout the country, the Ministry of Land and Resources oversaw the drafting of the Decision of the State Council on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters. It also began compiling the National Actions on Geological Disaster Prevention During the 12th Five-Year Plan Period, which clarified the objectives and key tasks of geological disaster prevention during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. In order to better implement urban flood control, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Circular on Strengthening Prevention Measures of Urban Waterlogging and on Carrying out Urban Flood Control in 2012. |
| 國家減災委相關成員單位進一步完善各類自然災害的監測預警機制，著力提升極端天氣氣候事件的監測預警能力，加強氣象災害監測早期預警系統建設。繼續加強國家防汛抗旱指揮系統二期建設。建立暴雨洪澇和干旱風險評估系統，注重提升城市應對暴雨災害等極端天氣能力。 | Member units of the National Disaster Reduction Committee have improved monitoring and early warning mechanisms for natural disasters, with more emphasis placed on early warning capabilities for extreme weather and climate events. The construction of the second phase of the State Flood Control and Drought Relief Command System has been accelerated. Greater importance is being attached to improving cities' ability to cope with torrential rain and other extreme weather disasters, and a rainstorm, flood and drought risk assessment system has been established. |
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