《2016中國的航天》白皮書
White Paper: China's Space Activities in 2016

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五、國際交流與合作	V. International Exchanges and Cooperation
中國政府認為，和平探索、開發和利用外層空間及其天體是世界各國都享有的平等權利。世界各國開展外空活動，應有助于各國經濟發展和社會進步，應有助于人類的和平與安全、生存與發展。	The Chinese government holds that all countries in the world have equal rights to peacefully explore, develop and utilize outer space and its celestial bodies, and that all countries' outer space activities should be beneficial to their economic development and social progress, and to the peace, security, survival and development of mankind.
國際空間合作應遵循聯合國《關于各國探索和利用包括月球和其他天體在內外層空間活動的原則條約》及《關于開展探索和利用外層空間的國際合作，促進所有國家的福利和利益，并特別要考慮到發展中國家的需要的宣言》中提出的基本原則。中國主張在平等互利、和平利用、包容發展的基礎上，加強國際空間交流與合作。	International space cooperation should adhere to the fundamental principles stated in the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, and the Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interests of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries. China maintains that international exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization and inclusive development.
（一）基本政策	1. Fundamental policies
中國政府在開展國際空間交流與合作中，采取以下基本政策：	The Chinese government has adopted the following fundamental policies with regard to international space exchanges and cooperation:
——支持在聯合國系統內開展和平利用外層空間的各項活動。	- Supporting activities regarding the peaceful use of outer space within the framework of the United Nations;
——支持政府間、非政府間空間組織為促進航天事業發展所開展的各項活動。	- Supporting all inter-governmental and non-governmental space organizations' activities that promote development of the space industry;
——加強基于共同目標、服務“一帶一路”建設的雙邊和多邊合作。	- Strengthening bilateral and multilateral cooperation which is based on common goals and serves the Belt and Road Initiative;
——支持亞太空間合作組織在區域性空間合作中發揮重要作用，重視在金磚國家合作機制、上海合作組織框架下開展空間合作。	- Supporting the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization to play an important role in regional space cooperation, and attaching importance to space cooperation under the BRICS cooperation mechanism and within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
——鼓勵和支持國內科研機構、工業企業、高等院校和社會團體，在國家有關政策和法規的指導下，開展多層次、多形式的國際空間交流與合作。	- Encouraging and endorsing the efforts of domestic scientific research institutes, industrial enterprises, institutions of higher learning and social organizations to develop international space exchanges and cooperation in diverse forms and at various levels under the guidance of relevant state policies, laws and regulations.
（二）2011年以來的主要活動	2. Major events
2011年以來，中國與29個國家、空間機構和國際組織簽署43項空間合作協定或諒解備忘錄，參與聯合國及相關國際組織開展的有關活動，推進國際空間商業合作，取得豐碩成果。	Since 2011 China has signed 43 space cooperation agreements or memoranda of understanding with 29 countries, space agencies and international organizations. It has taken part in relevant activities sponsored by the United Nations and other relevant international organizations, and supported international commercial cooperation in space. These measures have yielded fruitful results.
1.雙邊合作	(1) Bilateral cooperation
——中國與俄羅斯在總理定期會晤委員會航天合作分委會機制下，簽署《2013－2017年中俄航天合作大綱》，積極推動在深空探測、載人航天、對地觀測、衛星導航、電子元器件等領域合作。	- China and Russia signed the Outline of China-Russia Space Cooperation from 2013 to 2017 through the mechanism of the Space Cooperation Sub-committee during the Prime Ministers' Meeting between Russia and China. The two countries have actively promoted cooperation in deep space exploration, manned spaceflight, earth observation, satellite navigation, space-related electronic parts and components, and other areas.
——中國與歐洲空間局在中歐航天合作聯合委員會機制下，簽署《2015－2020年中歐航天合作大綱》，明確在深空探測、空間科學、對地觀測、測控服務、空間碎片、教育培訓等領域開展合作，啟動實施“太陽風與磁層相互作用全景式成像衛星”。圓滿完成“龍計劃”第三期科技合作。	- China and the European Space Agency (ESA) signed the Outline of China-ESA Space Cooperation from 2015 to 2020 within the mechanism of the China-Europe Joint Commission on Space Cooperation. The two sides have declared their determination to cooperate in deep space exploration, space science, earth observation, TT&C services, space debris, and space-related education and training, and launched the panoramic imaging satellite for solar wind and magnetosphere interaction. The two sides have completed cooperation on the Dragon 3 cooperation program.
——中國與巴西在中巴高層協調與合作委員會航天分委會機制下，持續開展中巴地球資源衛星合作，成功發射中巴地球資源04星，簽署中巴地球資源04A星聯合研制補充協定以及遙感衛星數據與應用合作協定，保持中巴地球資源衛星數據的連續性。在南非、新加坡升級改造中巴地球資源衛星數據接收站，擴大該衛星數據在區域和全球范圍的應用，積極推進中巴空間天氣聯合實驗室建設。	- China and Brazil, through the mechanism of the Space Cooperation Sub-committee of the Sino-Brazilian High-level Coordination Commission, have conducted constant cooperation in the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS) program. They successfully launched CBERS-4, signed the Supplementary Agreement of China and Brazil on the Joint Development of CBERS-04A and Cooperation Agreement of China and Brazil on Remote-Sensing Satellite Data and Application, maintaining CBERS data consistency. The two countries also updated CBERS data receiving stations in South Africa and Singapore, expanding CBERS data application regionally and globally. They have worked together to set up the China-Brazil Joint Laboratory for Space Weather.
——中國與法國在中法航天合作聯委會機制下，持續推進中法天文、中法海洋等衛星工程合作項目，簽署關于空間與氣候變化的合作意向書，推動空間技術應用于全球氣候變化治理。	- China and France, within the mechanism of the Sino-French Joint Commission on Space Cooperation, have engaged in bilateral cooperation on astronomic, ocean and other satellite programs. The two countries have signed a letter of intent on space and climate change, and worked to promote the application of space technology in global climate change governance.
——中國與意大利成立中意航天合作聯合委員會，穩步推進中意電磁監測試驗衛星工程研制。	- China and Italy set up the Sino-Italian Joint Commission on Space Cooperation, and have steadily carried forward research and development of the China-Italy Electromagnetic Monitoring Experiment Satellite Program.
——中國與英國持續推進中英空間科學技術聯合實驗室建設，加強航天科技人才交流，啟動中英遙感應用合作研究。	- China and Britain have promoted construction of a joint laboratory on space science and technology, upgraded their exchanges in space science and technology personnel, and launched cooperative studies on remote-sensing applications.
——中國與德國推動兩國航天企業間對話，加強兩國在航天高端制造領域的合作。	- China and Germany have promoted dialogue between their space industry enterprises, and strengthened cooperation in high-end space manufacturing.
——中國與荷蘭簽署空間合作諒解備忘錄，推動農業、水資源、大氣環境等領域遙感應用合作，明確在“嫦娥四號”任務實施中搭載荷方有效載荷。	- China and the Netherlands signed a memorandum of understanding on space cooperation, promoting cooperation in remote-sensing applications in agriculture, water resources and atmospheric environment, and stating that Chang'e-4 would carry a Dutch payload in its mission.
——中國與美國在中美戰略與經濟對話框架下，開展民用航天對話，明確在空間碎片、空間天氣和應對全球氣候變化等領域加強合作。	- China and the United States, within the framework of the China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogue, carried out a civil space dialogue, stating that the two countries would strengthen cooperation in space debris, space weather, response to global climate change, and related areas.
——中國與阿爾及利亞、阿根廷、比利時、印度、印度尼西亞、哈薩克斯坦等國簽署航天合作協定，建立雙邊航天合作機制，明確在空間技術、空間應用、空間科學、教育培訓等領域加強交流與合作。	- China signed space cooperation agreements and established bilateral space cooperation mechanisms with Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in such areas as space technology, space applications, and space science, education and training.
2.多邊合作	(2) Multilateral cooperation
——中國積極參加聯合國和平利用外層空間委員會及其科技小組委員會、法律小組委員會的各項活動，積極參與外空活動長期可持續性等國際空間規則磋商，簽署《中國國家航天局與聯合國對地觀測數據和技術支持諒解備忘錄》，積極推動中國對地觀測衛星數據在聯合國平臺上的共享與合作。	- China takes an active part in activities organized by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Scientific and Technical Sub-committee and Legal Sub-committee, and negotiations on international space rules such as the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. It signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the China National Space Administration and the United Nations on Earth Observation Data and Technical Support, actively promoting data sharing and cooperation between China's earth observation satellites on the UN platform.
——中國積極支持聯合國災害管理與應急反應天基信息平臺北京辦公室開展相關工作。聯合國在北京設立空間科學與技術教育亞太區域中心（中國），促進國際空間領域的人才培養。	- China supports the relevant work of the Beijing office of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response. The UN set up the Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (China) in Beijing to promote personnel training in the international space arena.
——中國在亞太空間組織合作框架下，積極參與推動亞太空間合作組織聯合多任務小衛星星座項目，成功舉辦以“‘一帶一路’助力亞太地區空間能力建設”為主題的亞太空間合作組織發展戰略高層論壇，并發表北京宣言。	- Within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), China actively participated in the APSCO Joint Small Multi-mission Satellite Constellation Program. It also organized the APSCO Development Strategy Forum with the theme of "the Belt and Road Initiative for Facilitating Regional Capacity Building of the Asia-Pacific Countries," at which the Beijing Declaration was adopted.
——中國與巴西、俄羅斯、印度、南非等國航天機構共同發起并積極推動金磚國家遙感衛星星座合作。	- China and the space agencies of Brazil, Russia, India, and South Africa co-sponsored and actively promoted cooperation in the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.
——啟動實施中國－東盟衛星信息海上應用中心、瀾滄江－湄公河空間信息交流中心建設等項目。	- China launched the China-ASEAN Satellite Information Maritime Application Center, and Lancang-Mekong River Spatial Information Exchange Center.
——中國積極參與機構間空間碎片協調委員會、空間與重大災害憲章、地球觀測組織等政府間國際組織的各項活動。成功舉辦第31屆空間與重大災害憲章理事會、第32屆機構間空間碎片協調委員會等國際會議。	- China actively participated in activities organized by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, Group on Earth Observations, and other intergovernmental organizations. It hosted the 31st Council of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, the 32nd Meeting of the IADC and other international conferences.
——中國積極參與全球衛星導航系統國際委員會活動，成功舉辦第7屆全球衛星導航系統國際委員會大會，積極推動北斗系統與其他衛星導航系統兼容與互操作，推廣普及衛星導航技術，與多個國家和地區開展衛星導航應用合作。	- China actively participated in activities organized by the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG) and held the Seventh ICG Conference. It actively improved the compatibility and interoperability of the Beidou system with other satellite navigation systems, popularized satellite navigation technology, and cooperated with a number of countries and regions in satellite navigation applications.
——中國積極參與國際宇航聯合會、國際空間研究委員會、國際宇航科學院、國際空間法學會等非政府間國際組織和學術機構的各項活動，成功舉辦第64屆國際宇航大會、2014年聯合國/中國/亞太空間合作組織空間法研討會、第36屆國際地球科學與遙感大會等國際會議。在聯合國空間應用項目框架下成功舉辦首屆載人航天技術研討會。	- China actively participated in activities organized by the International Astronautical Federation, International Committee on Space Research, International Academy of Astronautics, International Institute of Space Law, and other non-governmental international space organizations and academic institutes. It held the 64th International Astronautical Congress, 2014 United Nations / China / APSCO Workshop on Space Law, 36th International Conference on Earth Science and Remote-Sensing, and related international conferences. It also held the First Seminar on Manned Spaceflight Technology within the framework of the United Nations Program on Space Applications.
——中國積極參與全球防災減災國際事務協調，通過聯合國災害管理與應急反應天基信息平臺、聯合國亞洲及太平洋經濟社會理事會、空間與重大災害憲章等機制，為國際重大災害救援工作提供了衛星數據支持和技術服務。	- China actively participated in the international coordination of global disaster prevention and reduction, and provided satellite data support and technical services for major international disaster-relief efforts through the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information on Disaster Management and Emergency Response, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, and related mechanisms.
3.商業活動	(3) Commercial activities
中國積極鼓勵和支持企業參與空間領域國際商業活動，完成尼日利亞通信衛星、委內瑞拉遙感衛星一號、玻利維亞通信衛星、老撾一號通信衛星、白俄羅斯一號通信衛星等衛星出口和在軌交付，為土耳其藍突厥2號地球觀測衛星提供商業發射服務，成功搭載發射厄瓜多爾、阿根廷、波蘭、盧森堡等國的小衛星，積極開展空間信息商業服務。	China encourages and supports Chinese enterprises to participate in international commercial activities in the space field. It has exported satellites and made in-orbit delivery of Nigeria's communications satellite, Venezuela's remote-sensing satellite-1, Bolivia's communications satellite, Laos' communications satellite-1 and Belarus' communications satellite-1. In addition, it provided commercial launch service for Turkey's Gokturk-2 earth observation satellite, and when launching its own satellites took on small satellites for Ecuador, Argentina, Poland, Luxembourg and other countries. It has also provided business services concerning space information.
（三）未來五年重點合作領域	3. Key areas for future cooperation
未來五年，中國將以更加積極開放的姿態，在以下重點領域廣泛開展國際空間交流與合作：	In the next five years China will, with a more active and open attitude, conduct extensive international exchanges and cooperation concerning space in the following key areas:
——“一帶一路”空間信息走廊建設，包括對地觀測、通信廣播、導航定位等衛星研制，地面和應用系統建設，應用產品開發等。	- Construction of the Belt and Road Initiative Space Information Corridor, including earth observation, communications and broadcasting, navigation and positioning, and other types of satellite-related development; ground and application system construction; and application product development.
——金磚國家遙感衛星星座建設。	- Construction of the BRICS remote-sensing satellite constellation.
——亞太空間合作組織聯合多任務小衛星星座和大學生小衛星項目建設。	- Construction of the APSCO Joint Small Multi-mission Satellite Constellation Program and University Small Satellite Project Development.
——月球、火星等深空探測工程與技術合作。	- The Moon, Mars and other deep space exploration programs and technical cooperation.
——載人航天空間實驗室、空間站建設及應用。	- Inclusion of a space laboratory and a space station in China's manned spaceflight program.
——空間科學衛星、遙感衛星、有效載荷等工程研制。	- Research and development of a space science satellite, a remote-sensing satellite, payloads, etc.
——數據接收站、通信關口站等地面基礎設施建設。	- Construction of ground infrastructure such as data receiving stations and communications gateway stations.
——對地觀測、通信廣播、導航定位等衛星應用。	- Satellite applications, including earth observation, communications and broadcasting, navigation and positioning.
——空間科學探索研究。	- Exploration and research on space science.
——航天發射及搭載服務。	- Launching and carrying services.
——航天測控支持。	- Space TT&C support.
——空間碎片監測、預警、減緩及防護。	- Space debris monitoring, early warning, mitigation and protection.
——空間天氣領域合作。	- Space weather cooperation.
——衛星整星、衛星及運載火箭分系統、零部件、電子元器件、地面設施設備等產品進出口和技術合作。	- Import and export of and technical cooperation in the field of whole satellites, sub-systems, spare parts and electronic components of satellites and launch vehicles, ground facilities and equipment, and related items.
——空間法律、空間政策、航天標準研究。	- Research on space law, policy and standards.
——航天領域人員交流與培訓等。	- Personnel exchanges and training in the space field.
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