《中國交通運輸發展》白皮書
White Paper: Development of China's Transport

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二、綜合交通運輸體系建設	II. Comprehensive Transport System
經過多年改革發展，多節點、全覆蓋的綜合交通運輸網絡初步形成，“五縱五橫”綜合運輸大通道基本貫通，一大批綜合客運、貨運樞紐站場（物流園區）投入運營，運輸裝備發展不斷升級，運輸服務水平顯著提升，科技創新和應用實現重大突破，交通運輸市場體系、管理體制和法規體系不斷完善。	Through years of reform and development China has formed a multi-nodal and full-coverage transport network; opened up five vertical and five horizontal transport trunk railway lines; put into operation a large number of passenger and freight transport stations (logistics parks); upgraded transport equipment and improved transport service capacity; achieved major breakthroughs in technology innovation and application; and improved the transport market system, management mechanisms and related laws and regulations.
（一）基礎設施網絡	1. Infrastructure Network
多層次的鐵路網基本形成。截至2015年年底，全國鐵路營業總里程達12.1萬公里，規模居世界第二；其中高速鐵路1.9萬公里，位居世界第一。以高速鐵路為骨架、以城際鐵路為補充的快速客運網絡初步建成。全國鐵路復線率和電氣化率分別達到53.5%和61.8%。橫跨東西、縱貫南北的大能力通道逐步形成，物流設施同步完善，逐步實現了貨物運輸直達化、快捷化、重載化。	A multi-level railway network has been formed. By the end of 2015 China's total railway operation length reached 121,000 km, ranking the world's second, including 19,000-km high-speed railway, ranking the world's first. An express passenger transport network with high-speed railway as framework and supplemented by intercity railway has been built. The proportion of double-line railway in China was 53.5 percent, and the proportion of electric railway 61.8 percent. China has formed east-west and north-south railway passageways with great transport capacity, improved logistics infrastructure, and realized nonstop, speedy, and heavy-haul freight transport.
廣覆蓋的公路網建立起來。截至2015年年底，全國公路通車總里程達457.73萬公里。高速公路通車里程達12.35萬公里，位居世界第一。國省干線公路網絡不斷完善，連接了全國縣級及以上行政區。農村公路里程達到398.06萬公里，通達99.9%的鄉鎮和99.8%的建制村。路網技術結構不斷優化，等級公路里程占公路總里程的88.4%。	A full-coverage highway network has been set up. By the end of 2015, China' s total highway traffic length was 4.58 million km. Expressway length was 123,500 km, ranking first in the world. The national and provincial trunk highway network has been improved, connecting administrative regions at and above the county level nationwide. Rural highway length was 3.98 million km, connecting 99.9 percent of towns and townships and 99.8 percent of administrative villages. The technology structure of the highway network has been improved, with graded highway length accounting for 88.4 percent of total highway length.
初步形成干支銜接的水運網。截至2015年年底，全國港口擁有生產性碼頭泊位3.13萬個，其中萬噸級及以上泊位2221個，煤炭、原油、金屬礦石、集裝箱等專業化泊位達1173個，港口大型化、深水化、專業化、自動化水平進一步提升。內河航道通航里程達12.7萬公里，等級航道占52.2%，高等級航道達標里程1.36萬公里，長江、西江、京杭運河等航道通航條件不斷改善，初步建成了以“兩橫一縱兩網十八線”為主體的內河航道體系。	A water transport network connecting trunk and branch lines has been established. By the end of 2015 China had 31,300 quay berths for production use, including 2,221 berths of 10,000-ton-class or above and 1,173 specialized berths for coal, crude oil, metal ores and containers, and improved large-scale, professional and automated deepwater ports. Inland waterway navigable length was 127,000 km, with graded waterways accounting for 52.2 percent, and the length of high-grade waterways reaching 13,600 km. China has improved the navigation conditions of the Yangtze and Xijiang rivers and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and formed an inland waterway system composed of two horizontal trunk waterways, one vertical trunk waterway, two high-grade waterway networks and 18 high-grade mainstream and tributary waterways.
民用機場體系基本成型。截至2015年年底，全國民航運輸機場達210個，初步形成了以北京、上海、廣州等國際樞紐機場為中心，省會城市和重點城市區域樞紐機場為骨干，以及其他干、支線機場相互配合的格局?？展茉O施建設不斷加強，2015年保障飛機起降達到856.6萬架次。通用機場加快發展。機場軌道交通和機場快速通道加快建設，機場與其他交通運輸方式的銜接更加緊密。	A civil airport system has taken shape. By the end of 2015 China had 210 civil transport airports, forming a pattern with international hub airports in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou as centers, with regional hub airports in provincial capitals and major cities as junctures, and some other support trunk and branch airports. Air traffic control facilities have been improved, which secured 8.57 million takeoffs and landings in 2015. General aviation airports have been developing quickly. Airport rail and fast-track transit have been rapidly improved, and the connectivity between airports and other modes of transport has been enhanced.
鄉鄉設所、村村通郵總體實現。截至2015年年底，全國郵路總條數達2.5萬條，郵路總長度（單程）達637.6萬公里，郵政普遍服務營業場所總數達5.4萬處，村郵站總數達21萬個?？爝f服務營業網點達18.3萬處，網路總長度（單程）達2370.5萬公里。	Post offices for each township and postal services for each village have been realized. By the end of 2015 China' s postal routes totaled 25,000, with a total length of 6.38 million km; postal outlets totaled 54,000, and village mail stations totaled 210,000. Express delivery outlets numbered 183,000, with a total network length of 23.71 million km.
油氣管道骨干網絡初步形成。截至2015年年底，全國陸上油氣管道總里程達11.2萬公里，初步形成了覆蓋全國31個省（區、市）的原油、成品油和天然氣三大主干網絡和“西油東送、北油南運、西氣東輸、北氣南下、海氣登陸”的油氣輸送網絡。	Oil and gas pipelines have formed a trunk network. By the end of 2015 China's onshore oil and gas pipelines had a total length of 112,000 km, covering 31 provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions, forming a trunk-pipeline network for crude oil, refined oil and natural gas as well as an oil and gas transmission network which transports oil from the west to the east and from the north to the south, transmits gas from the west to the east and from the north to the south, and brings gas from offshore.
（二）運輸服務能力	2. Transport Service Capacity
運輸量位居世界前位。2015年，全社會完成客運量194.3億人、旅客周轉量30047億人公里；完成貨運量410億噸、貨物周轉量173690.6億噸公里。鐵路旅客周轉量、貨運量居世界第一，貨運周轉量居世界第二，公路客貨運輸量及周轉量、水路貨運量及周轉量均居世界第一，民航運輸總周轉量、旅客周轉量、貨郵周轉量均居世界第二。全國港口完成貨物吞吐量和集裝箱吞吐量均居世界第一。郵政業年服務用戶超過700億人次，快遞年業務量居世界第一，大型網絡購物促銷“雙11”活動單日處理峰值超過1.6億件。管道貨運量達7.1億噸，周轉量達4138.8億噸公里。	China's transport volume leads the world. In 2015 China's passenger transport volume was 19.43 billion persons, and passenger turnover was 3.0 trillion passenger-km (pkm); freight transport volume was 41 billion tons, and freight turnover was 17.37 trillion ton-km (tkm). In terms of railway transport, passenger turnover and freight transport volume ranked first in the world, and freight turnover ranked second. In terms of highway transport, passenger and freight transport volume and passenger and freight turnover ranked first in the world. In terms of waterway transport, freight transport volume and freight turnover also ranked first in the world. In terms of civil aviation transport, total turnover, passenger turnover, and cargo and mail turnover all ranked second in the world. In terms of port transport, cargo throughput and container throughput ranked first in the world. In terms of postal services, the number of customers exceeded 70 billion. In terms of express delivery, business volume ranked first in the world; on November 11, Online Shopping Day, the number of parcels delivered in one day reached the year's peak of 160 million pieces. In terms of pipeline transportation, freight transport volume was 710 million tons and freight turnover was 413.88 billion tkm.
運輸服務質量全面提升。多式聯運、甩掛運輸等先進運輸組織模式及冷鏈等專業物流快速發展，集裝箱、廂式貨車等標準化運載單元加快推廣，城鄉物流配送信息化、集約化程度明顯提升，提高了社會物流運行效率。交通運輸安全水平大幅改善，鐵路旅客運輸總體安全水平居世界前列，2015年道路交通萬車事故死亡人數較2005年下降了72.4%，全國運輸船舶百萬噸港口吞吐量等級以上事故件數平均每年下降5%，民航運輸航空百萬小時重大事故率10年滾動值為0.018（世界平均水平為0.24）。大力提升客運基本公共服務均等化水平，“公交優先”戰略扎實推進，全國公交專用車道達8569公里，快速公交系統（BRT）線路長度達3081公里，定制公交、夜間公交等特色公共交通服務產品的新模式不斷豐富，網約出租汽車等新業態快速發展。	Transport service quality has been improved. Multimodal transport, drop and pull transport and cold chain logistics have developed quickly; the use of standardized transport units such as containers and vans has been promoted; and urban and rural logistics have enhanced IT application and intensified services, thus increasing logistics efficiency. Transport safety has been greatly improved, and China's railway passenger transport safety leads the world. In 2015 the number of death toll per 10,000 vehicle road accidents dropped by 72.4 percent over 2005; the number of accidents of cargo vessels of a million-ton-class throughput and above has decreased by five percent on average annually since 2005; the rolling ten-year accident rate per one million flight hours in civil aviation transport was 0.018 in 2015 (the world's average is 0.24). Equitable basic public services in passenger transport and the strategy of "public transit priority" have been promoted. The length of exclusive bus lanes has reached 8,569 km, and the length of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lines 3,081 km. In addition, new and specialized public transport services, such as customized shuttle and night buses, have increased, and new models of transport service including online taxi booking have been developing rapidly.
運輸服務通達性顯著增強。高速鐵路覆蓋百萬人口以上城市比例達65%。道路客運線路達18.1萬條。全國城市公共汽（電）車運營線路突破4.5萬條，城市軌道交通運營線路達105條，運營線路總長度達3195公里。水路國際運輸航線和集裝箱班輪航線往來100多個國家和地區的1000多個港口。民航定期航班航線達3326條，航線里程超過786.6萬公里（按重復距離計算），通達境內204個城市，香港、澳門、臺灣地區以及55個國家（地區）的137個城市。全國鄉鎮快遞服務營業網點覆蓋率達70%。	Transport service accessibility has been expanded. High-speed railway coverage of cities with a population of over one million each has reached 65 percent, and the number of passenger transport routes has reached 181,000. The number of urban bus and trolley bus routes in operation has exceeded 45,000, and the number of urban rail transit routes in operation has reached 105, with a total length of 3,195 km. International waterway transport routes and container shipment routes now connect over 1,000 ports in more than 100 countries and regions. Scheduled civil aviation flights operate on 3,326 routes, with a total length of 7.87 million km, reaching 204 cities in China' s mainland, the Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan, as well as 137 cities in 55 foreign countries and regions. Express delivery outlets now serve 70 percent of towns and townships nationwide.
運輸工具技術水平不斷提高。截至2015年年底，鐵路主要干線全部實現內燃、電力機車牽引，客貨運輸車輛品種和結構均實現升級換代。民用汽車數量達到17228萬輛，公路客貨營運車輛總數達1473萬輛，貨運車輛平均噸位數由6.3噸增加至7.5噸，專用貨車（含甩掛運輸車輛）占比由5.1%提高至27.2%，營運客車高檔化、舒適化和貨運車輛大型化、專業化程度不斷提高。水上運輸船舶達16.6萬艘，海運船隊運力總規模達1.6億噸，內河貨運船舶平均噸位超過800噸，高等級航道通航水域船型標準化率達到50%，船舶大型化、專業化和標準化發展趨勢明顯。民航擁有運輸飛機在冊架數2650架，通用航空企業擁有在冊航空器1904架。郵政業擁有各類汽車24.4萬輛、國內快遞專用貨機71架。	Means of transport and technology have been improved. By the end of 2015 all railway trunk lines had realized diesel and electric locomotive traction; types and structures of passenger and freight transport vehicles had been upgraded and updated. Civil automobiles numbered 172.28 million; highway passenger and freight transport vehicles in operation totaled 14.73 million; the average tonnage of freight transport vehicles increased from 6.3 to 7.5 tons; the proportion of special-use freight vehicles (including trailers) rose from 5.1 percent to 27.2 percent; passenger transport vehicles in operation have become advanced and comfortable, while freight transport vehicles have become larger and have been specified for various uses. Water transport vessels numbered 166,000; ocean cargo fleet had a total capacity of 160 million tons; inland waterway freight transport vessels had an average tonnage of more than 800 tons; the rate of standard ship types operating in navigable waters of high-grade waterways reached 50 percent; transport vessels have been developed towards large-size, specialized-use and standard types. Civil aviation had 2,650 registered planes, while general aviation had 1,904. Postal services had 244,000 transport vehicles and 71 cargo planes for domestic express delivery.
初步建立高效的安全監管和海上應急救助體系。建立和完善國家海上搜救和重大海上溢油應急處置部際聯席會議制度，海上搜救打撈力量持續增強，搜救志愿者隊伍不斷擴大。初步構建了廣泛覆蓋、反應迅速、立體高效的水上交通安全監管和海上應急保障體系。	An efficient safety regulation and maritime emergency aid system has been established. China has established and improved the inter-ministerial joint conference system for maritime search and rescue, and major marine oil spill emergency disposal. It has also improved its maritime search and rescue efforts and increased the number of volunteers. Overall, China has preliminarily built an extensive, prompt and efficient system of waterway transport safety regulation and maritime emergency support.
（三）科技創新和應用	3. Technology Innovation and Application
基礎設施建設技術世界領先。高速鐵路、高寒鐵路、高原鐵路、重載鐵路技術邁入世界先進行列，高速鐵路成為“中國制造”和“走出去”的新名片。高原凍土、膨脹土、沙漠等特殊地質的鐵路、公路建設技術克服世界級難題，青藏公路、青藏鐵路先后建成通車運營。陸續建成一批世界級特大橋隧，特大橋隧建造技術達到世界先進水平。離岸深水港建設關鍵技術、巨型河口航道整治技術、長河段航道系統治理技術以及大型機場工程建設技術世界領先，實施港珠澳大橋、洋山港集裝箱碼頭、長江口深水航道治理等系列重大工程。	China leads the world in infrastructure construction. China's technologies for high-speed, alpine, plateau and heavy-haul railways have reached the world's advanced level, while high-speed railways have become a symbol of made-in-China and going-global products. Railway and highway construction technologies have overcome world-level geological challenges such as plateau permafrost, and expansive soil and desert. The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been completed and they have been opened to traffic. A number of world-class large bridges and tunnels have been built with globally advanced construction technologies. China's key construction technologies for offshore deepwater ports, improved technologies for large estuary waterways and long waterways, and construction technologies for large-scale airports are leading the world. The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, Yangshan Port Container Terminal, Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel Improvement Project, and other major construction projects have been carried out.
裝備制造技術快速進步。以高速列車、大功率機車為代表的一批具有自主知識產權的高性能鐵路裝備技術達到世界先進水平，部分達到世界領先水平。新能源道路運輸裝備初步實現產業化。自主研制的支線客機、通用飛機、直升機已交付使用，C919大型客機總裝下線，中國成為世界上為數不多的能夠自主研制大飛機的國家。大型專業化碼頭裝卸設備制造、海工機械特種船舶、集裝箱成套設備制造技術領先世界，300米飽和潛水取得創新性突破。郵政光學字符識別（OCR）、視頻補碼、碼址校驗等分揀技術處于世界領先水平。	Equipment manufacturing has made rapid progress. High-performance railway equipment technologies with proprietary intellectual property rights, represented by high-speed railways and high-power locomotives, have reached the advanced world level, with some of them leading the world. New-energy road transport equipment has realized preliminary industrialization. Feeder liners, general aviation aircraft and helicopters independently developed by China have been put into use, and the C919 airliner has rolled off the assembly line, making China one of the few countries capable of developing large airliners independently. China's manufacturing technologies for large, specialized equipment for terminal loading and unloading, special marine engineering machinery vessels and complete sets of container transport equipment are world-leaders, while its 300-m saturation diving technology has achieved a breakthrough. Sorting technologies in postal services, including optical character recognition (OCR), video complement and address check via bar code have reached the world's top level.
信息化智能化技術廣泛應用。大數據、云計算、物聯網、移動互聯網等信息通信技術在交通運輸領域廣泛應用，線上線下結合的商業模式蓬勃發展。鐵路建成了客運聯網售票系統，實現了運輸生產調度指揮信息化。高速公路電子不停車收費系統（ETC）基本實現了全國聯網。港口電子數據交換系統（EDI）、船舶交通管理系統（VTS）、船舶自動識別系統（AIS）在水運管理中廣泛應用，開發了長江干線電子航道圖技術。民航商務信息系統處于世界先進水平。郵政建立國家、省、市三級聯動視頻監控體系。無線射頻識別技術（RFID）、全球衛星導航系統（GNSS）等現代導航信息技術在民航運輸、物流配送中廣泛應用。北斗導航系統成為第三個面向國際航海應用的全球衛星導航系統。	Information and intelligent technologies have been extensively applied. Information and communications technologies, such as big data, cloud computing, Internet of Things and mobile Internet, have been widely applied in transport, and combined online and traditional business models are thriving. Railway passenger transport has developed an online booking system, and realized IT application in transport management. Expressway transport has formed a nationwide Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) network. Port Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) and Vessel Automatic Identification System (AIS) have been widely applied in water transport management, and an electronic nautical chart of the trunk waterways of the Yangtze River has been developed. China's civil aviation business information system is globally advanced. Postal services have established a video joint monitoring system at national, provincial and municipal levels. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and other modern navigation technologies have been applied to civil aviation and logistics. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System has become the third GNSS applied in international navigation.
（四）改革與法治建設	4. Reform and Rule of Law
市場體系不斷完善。經過30多年的市場化進程，交通建設、養護、運輸不斷推向市場。積極推行市場準入負面清單制度，鼓勵和引導社會資本參與交通運輸投資運營，大力推廣社會資本與政府合作模式（PPP)。交通運輸全面實現政企分開。不斷推進簡政放權，創新優化行政審批服務方式。加快市場信用體系建設，市場監管體系逐步完善，統一開放、競爭有序的交通運輸市場基本形成。	Market system has been improved. Through over 30 years of marketization, transport construction, maintenance and traffic have become market-oriented. China has issued its Negative List for Market Access, encouraging non-government capital to invest in transport operation, and vigorously promoting Public-Private Partnership (PPP). Transport has separated government functions from enterprise operation completely. The government has also streamlined its administration and delegated authority, and innovated and improved government approval services. Transport has been boosting the market credit system and improving market regulation. As a result, a unified, open transport market of orderly competition has been formed.
法律法規體系基本形成。適應改革發展需要，對交通運輸法律法規進行了大量的立、改、廢工作。目前，共有《鐵路法》《公路法》《港口法》《航道法》《海商法》《海上交通安全法》《民用航空法》《郵政法》等8部法律、《鐵路安全管理條例》《公路安全保護條例》《道路運輸條例》《國際海運條例》《內河交通安全管理條例》《船員條例》《民用機場管理條例》《民用航空安全保衛條例》《郵政法實施細則》等65部行政法規，以及300余件部門規章。	Legal framework has taken shape. To meet the demands of reform and development, China has promulgated, revised and annulled transport laws and regulations. Currently, China has eight relevant laws, namely, the Railway Law, Highway Law, Law on Ports, Waterway Law, Maritime Law, Maritime Traffic Safety Law, Civil Aviation Law and Postal Law. In addition, there are 65 relevant administrative regulations, including the Regulations on the Administration of Railway Safety, Regulations on the Administration of Highway Safety, Regulations on Road Transport, Regulations on International Maritime Transport, Regulations on the Administration of Traffic Safety in Inland Waters, Regulations on Seamen, Regulations on the Administration of Civil Airports, Regulations on Civil Aviation Safety, and Rules for the Implementation of the Postal Law. There are also more than 300 relevant departmental rules.
綜合交通運輸管理體制初步建立。2008年、2013年實施兩輪交通運輸大部門制改革，形成了由交通運輸部管理國家鐵路局、中國民用航空局、國家郵政局的大部門管理體制架構。各地積極推進綜合交通運輸管理體制改革，加快綜合交通運輸體系建設。	Comprehensive transport management system has been preliminarily established. In 2008 and 2013 respectively China launched two rounds of institutional reform to establish a large transport department, namely, the Ministry of Transport, which put the National Railways Administration, Civil Aviation Administration of China and State Postal Bureau under its management. All localities are promoting structural reform for comprehensive transport management, and quickening their pace in building a comprehensive transport system.
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