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China Before the Invasion of the
Eight-Power Allied Forces

The Entering of
Envoys and Legation Guards into Beijing

First Setbacks of
the Allied Forces
and the Capture of Tianjin

The Capture of
Beijing by the
Eight-Power Allied Forces

The War Before Negotiations and the Signing of the
Protocol of 1901

China Under the Protocol of 1901

Englishman Robert Hart (1835-1911) was Inspector-General of Customs of the Qing government. He came to China in 1854 and held posts in the British diplomatic service in China. In 1863, as successor to his countryman Horatio Nelson Lay, he took office as Inspector-General of Customs of the Qing Government and was conferred the title "Secretary to the Crown Prince." He stayed in the post for 48 years.