作者:王曉輝
《水滸傳》是不是一部武俠小說,網上爭論頗多。傳統武俠小說的內容基本上都是江湖上黑白兩道的恩怨情仇,故事情節往往沿著打斗殺戮—拜師習武—比武復仇的脈絡發展,最后的結局不外乎手刃強敵、伸張正義,或者了卻恩怨、大徹大悟。《水滸傳》雖然也有武有俠,但其背景宏大,主題深刻,人物眾多,情節曲折,特別是在反映社會現實方面,無論是傳統的《三俠五義》和《小五義》,還是新派武俠的《射雕英雄傳》和《七劍下天山》,均不能望其項背。從這個意義上說,《水滸傳》不是一部武俠小說;如果僅僅是一部武俠,恐怕難以躋身中國古典文學四大名著之列。
《水滸傳》里也有很多比武打斗的情景,但絕大部分的筆墨都用在了場面描寫和烘托氣氛上了,如第二回“王教頭私走延安府,九紋龍大鬧史家村”,九紋龍史進與跳澗虎陳達交手,作者用上了一首詩:
一來一往,一上一下。一來一往,有如深水戲珠龍;一上一下,卻似半巖爭食虎。左盤右旋,好似張飛敵呂布;前回后轉,渾如敬德戰秦瓊。九紋龍忿怒,三尖刀只望頂門飛;跳澗虎生嗔,丈八矛不離心坎刺。好手中間逞好手,紅心里面奪紅心。
這段描寫在中國讀者眼里非常精彩,而且特別適合說書人繪聲繪色地講述,但翻譯成英文效果會怎樣呢?賽珍珠和沙博理略去了這首詩的翻譯,只有約翰·登特-楊將其譯成了英文:
To and fro and back and forth: to and fro, two deep-sea dragons fighting for the pearl; back and forth, a tiger roaming the valley for his prey. Enraged, the Tattooed Dragon hurls his guisarme straight at the target; in a fury the River-Jumper aims his lance right at the centre. Skill vies with skill, courage emulates courage.
說實話,登特-楊這首詩翻譯得非常好,最大限度地對應了原文的結構。英語讀者可能會納悶兒,to and fro、back and forth,這不是一回事兒嗎?為什么說一遍又說一遍呢?沒辦法,這就是中國古典小說特有的表達方式,是從評書、話本繼承下來的傳統。史進和陳達的兩樣兵器,一個是三尖刀,一個是丈八矛,登特-楊用了西方讀者熟悉的guisarme(中世紀歐洲的一種戈)和lance(長矛)來翻譯,簡潔明了。“好手中間逞好手,紅心里面奪紅心”是一句俗語,說的是在強手中逞強,在藝高者中競高。登特-楊用Skill vies with skill, courage emulates courage,很像英語成語diamond cut diamond,意思是槍對槍,刀對刀,棋逢對手。
值得注意的是,登特-楊在翻譯的時候刪去了兩句話:“左盤右旋,好似張飛敵呂布;前回后轉,渾如敬德戰秦瓊。” 張飛和呂布,敬德和秦瓊,中國人一看就懂,外國人一看就懵。如果要給他們解釋清楚,先要回到漢末三國時期說張飛和呂布,再穿回隋唐講尉遲恭和秦瓊,等解釋清楚了,讀者的閱讀興趣已經消失殆盡。與其如此,還不如直接省去。
【配圖:彭靖雯】
《水滸傳》里關于武功的招數、動作和名稱的詳細描寫只有一處,就是第二十九回“武松醉打蔣門神”的一段:
蔣門神見了武松,心里先欺他醉,只顧趕將入來。說時遲,那時快,武松先把兩個拳頭去蔣門神臉上虛影一影,忽地轉身便走。蔣門神大怒,搶將來,被武松一飛腳踢起,踢中蔣門神小腹上,雙手按了,便蹲下去。武松一踅,踅將過來,那只右腳早踢起,直飛在蔣門神額角上,踢著正中,望后便倒。武松追入一步,踏住胸脯,提起這醋缽兒大小拳頭,望蔣門神臉上便打。原來說過的打蔣門神撲手:先把拳頭虛影一影,便轉身,卻先飛起左腳,踢中了,便轉過身來,再飛起右腳。這一撲有名,喚做“玉環步,鴛鴦腳”。這是武松平生的真才實學,非同小可!
我們再看登特-楊的翻譯:
Deceived by Wu Song's appearance of drunkenness, the Door-God rushed in without thinking. It's slow in the telling but happens in a flash. Wu Song started by feinting with a right and left to the head, then turned suddenly and danced away. Enraged, the Door-God lunged after him and was caught with a flying kick to the groin. As he doubled up, clutching himself with both hands, Wu Song whirled around and caught him again with his right foot, fair and square on the temple, toppling him over backwards. Stepping forward and planting a foot on his chest, Wu Song raised that fist the size of a barrel and began pounding him in the face.
Now this routine we have just described — that's to say, feinting with both hands, turning, kicking with the left foot, landing, turning again and kicking with the right foot — has a name. It's called 'jade bracelet steps and mandarin duck footwork.' It was something Wu Song had practised all his life, he had no equal for it.
蔣門神“心里先欺他醉”,實際上卻是被武松醉態所欺。登特-楊用deceived by Wu Song's appearance of drunkenness作狀語,十分巧妙,與下面的“只顧趕將入來”(rushed in without thinking)邏輯連接得絲絲入扣。“虛影一影”就是佯攻,feinting with a right and left to the head / deceptive attack with both hands。武松“忽地轉身便走”,身法敏捷,速度極快,如果用walked away,顯得前緊后松,配不上“忽地”二字,所以登特-楊選擇了danced away。dance除了跳舞之外,還有move in a light and lively way的意思,用在此處,遠比walk away更靈動。
蔣門神被武松一個飛腳踢在小腹上(was caught with a flying kick to the groin),這里caught不是我們常用的“抓住”或“趕上”的意思,而是hit(擊打)的意思。然后武松一個轉身,右腳再起,正中額角(whirled around and caught him again with his right foot, fair and square on the temple)。原文和譯文都是一氣呵成。接著,“武松追入一步,踏住胸脯”(stepping forward and planting a foot on his chest),這里planting一詞用得甚好,如果用stepping on his chest 或者putting a foot on his chest,都顯得有氣無力,不似planting那樣牢牢踏住。
“玉環步,鴛鴦腳”的翻譯是個難題。登特-楊的翻譯是jade bracelet steps and mandarin duck footwork;沙博理的翻譯是The Jade-Circle Steps with Duck and Drake Feet。“玉環步”大概是說步法如玉環一樣圓潤,或者像楊玉環的舞步一般流暢,不論哪種解釋,均可譯為jade-circle steps或jade bracelet steps。
關鍵是“鴛鴦腳”怎么理解和翻譯。按照登特-楊的翻譯,mandarin duck footwork 就是中國鴨子腳,這是個什么腳法?難道是八字腳?沙博理將“鴛鴦腳”譯成Duck and Drake Feet,母鴨腳和公鴨腳,更加耐人尋味。鴛鴦總是雌雄成雙成對在一起,在水上游動時也是一只在前一只緊隨其后,所以武松踢出的兩腳,就如同兩只鴛鴦一樣,一腳接著一腳,難怪蔣門神受不了。
一個“鴛鴦腳”就如此大費周章,要是遇上了金庸武俠小說中的“心意氣混元功”“五行連環拳”“天山折梅手”“黯然銷魂掌”“如影隨形腿”“天罡北斗陣”,該怎么翻譯呢?
當年,李白曾面對蜀道,發出了“蜀道之難,難于上青天”的慨嘆。今天,肩負著傳播中國傳統文化使命的翻譯工作者們,面對這些連中國人自己都暈的詞匯,心里也會忍不住長嘆一聲:“翻譯之難,難于上青天!”
信、達、雅,譯者的珠穆朗瑪。